The water distribution system of a public water supply scheme will be entirely different from that of a distribution system within a processing plant or factory.However, the principal objectives and design procedures are similar. In municipal water supply system there are a number of pumping stations, reservoirs and elevated storage tanks located throughout the distribution system to pump and store water at sufficient pressure to meet all needs. These stations and reservoirs are operated so that peak water-consumption demands can be met while a sufficient supply of water is available to meet extraordinary demands, such as fire-fighting requirements.The reservoirs and elevated tanks also provide storage space, allowing occasional repairs to the supply and distribution system to be carried out without major impact on water supply. An efficient water distribution system is the one in which the water reaches each and every point of use with sufficient residual pressure.
Residual Pressure : Residual pressure is defined as the difference between the pressure at the beginning of distribution system and pressure loss due to frictional losses in the piping system.
Gravity Distribution : If the level of treated water is well above all the points of use, then the distribution could be achieved through gravity alone. Otherwise, the treated water is pumped to an elevated storage tank from where the water is distributed by gravity.
The distribution system consists pf pipes of various sizes, valves, fitting, pumps,hydrants etc. The pipe lines carry the water to each destination and valves in pipe line are provided to control the flow of water.The purpose of pumps is to transport with sufficient pressure. Hydrants are connecting points for fire fighting equipment to draw water from main supply pipe.
Hydroflow System : In process industries, there is modified efficient way of distribution known as hydroflow system. The treated water is pumped in to hydroflow tank by a pump. This pump is controlled by two level sensors through pump controller. When the level falls below the low level sensor, the pump is switched on and water is pumped into tank.
Residual Pressure : Residual pressure is defined as the difference between the pressure at the beginning of distribution system and pressure loss due to frictional losses in the piping system.
Gravity Distribution : If the level of treated water is well above all the points of use, then the distribution could be achieved through gravity alone. Otherwise, the treated water is pumped to an elevated storage tank from where the water is distributed by gravity.
The distribution system consists pf pipes of various sizes, valves, fitting, pumps,hydrants etc. The pipe lines carry the water to each destination and valves in pipe line are provided to control the flow of water.The purpose of pumps is to transport with sufficient pressure. Hydrants are connecting points for fire fighting equipment to draw water from main supply pipe.
Hydroflow System : In process industries, there is modified efficient way of distribution known as hydroflow system. The treated water is pumped in to hydroflow tank by a pump. This pump is controlled by two level sensors through pump controller. When the level falls below the low level sensor, the pump is switched on and water is pumped into tank.
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| Hydroflow System |
When the water level reaches high level, the high level sensor switches off the pump. The water from hydroflow tank is transported to distribution pipes through delivery pipe by pressurized air which is there above the water level. This air pressure imparts energy to the fluid necessary to overcome the frictional losses in pipes and desired residual pressure.
The network of pipes for water distribution should be such that, it will not obstruct the repair and maintenance of pipe lines of other utilities. The distribution system should be designed according to layout of the points of use in the processing plant.Ease of operation and maintenance should be considered in design of distribution system. The future expansion should also be kept in mind while designing. The design involves the preparation of layout of pipes and position of valves and fittings.Now the minimum water pressure desired at each point is marked on the layout.The next step is the determination of the pipe sizes. This is a cumbersome and edious job as there is no straight forward design procedure. First of all, you haveto assume the diameters of all pipes. Then, you calculate the residual pressure at the end of each pipe section after taking in to consideration of frictional losses. If the residual pressure available is not adequate, then frictional losses in pipes can be decreased by increasing the pipe diameter. Otherwise the diameter can be reduced because it reduces the cost of piping. As the cost of distribution system is quite substantial, the sizes of pipes and layout are finalized after careful analysis to minimize the costs. These calculations are done for various diameters of pipes and solution is reached by trial and error.
The network of pipes for water distribution should be such that, it will not obstruct the repair and maintenance of pipe lines of other utilities. The distribution system should be designed according to layout of the points of use in the processing plant.Ease of operation and maintenance should be considered in design of distribution system. The future expansion should also be kept in mind while designing. The design involves the preparation of layout of pipes and position of valves and fittings.Now the minimum water pressure desired at each point is marked on the layout.The next step is the determination of the pipe sizes. This is a cumbersome and edious job as there is no straight forward design procedure. First of all, you haveto assume the diameters of all pipes. Then, you calculate the residual pressure at the end of each pipe section after taking in to consideration of frictional losses. If the residual pressure available is not adequate, then frictional losses in pipes can be decreased by increasing the pipe diameter. Otherwise the diameter can be reduced because it reduces the cost of piping. As the cost of distribution system is quite substantial, the sizes of pipes and layout are finalized after careful analysis to minimize the costs. These calculations are done for various diameters of pipes and solution is reached by trial and error.
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